RJJ7 wrote:Speaking in a real-world sense, there are two possible methods of interpreting one's ethical alignment. I will call them Action-morality and Intention-morality.
In Intention-morality, one is judged good or evil based on one's intentions. If one has 'good' intentions (e.g. reducing suffering, protecting innocents, etc.), then one is basically a 'good' person. The flaw I have commonly seen cited in this method is that one can have good intentions while still being a character that would be traditionally considered evil, such as Kore and Psimax. In Action-morality, one is judged good or evil based on one's actions. If one does 'good' things, then one is basically a 'good' person. The flaw I have commonly seen cited in this method is that some actions can be good or bad depending on one's intent. For example, killing someone can be either good or bad depending on one's purpose in doing so (self-defense vs murder). Most people seem to use a hybrid of the two that incorporates a lot of gut-instinct judgement calls.
It's not my intention to argue morality here, so let me just say that subscribing more to an Action-Morality system, I think Psimax is evil.

The people who are arguing that he is more neutral are using a different moral philosophy (whether because they subscribe to it themselves, or whether because they believe that the D&D alignment system uses it is another matter).
I think there's a distinction to be made between ethics and meta-ethics. Ethics, which is what you're examining, is what judges actions, what we use to determine whether something someone does is good or evil. In this sense,
all morality is "action-morality", since being able to discern the moral status of an action is the object of any ethical theory. So, I'd reject the idea of "action-morality" on the basis that it takes Good and Evil for granted insofar as it assumes that actions can somehow be evaluated in isolation. The tradition in contemporary philosophy tends, broadly speaking, to be split between deontological and consequentialist species of ethics. Deontological ethics isn't concerned so much with intentions as with conformity to a rule or a principle--those who argue that lying is categorically bad, or that killing a sentient creature is never permissible, are thinking deontologically. I think there's an argument to be had about whether these rules aren't articulated on the basis of statistically-likely consequences (Kant's criterion, for instance, asks us to imagine a world in which the principle we use to guide our actions could reasonably be employed by everyone--the criterion for reasonableness is the functionality of the world, as he suggests when he notes that we could never universalize the principle of lying for personal gain, given that the world would find itself paralyzed and without trust, clearly a consequentialist consideration), but that's neither here nor there--the explicit consequentialists, among whom I count Kore and Psimax, evaluate their actions on the basis of net outcomes; however, unlike the complex value sets most people possess, these characters are both completely one-dimensional in their pursuits. In the absence of any mediating local goals, then, they can commit themselves without hesitation to any course of action deemed necessary in pursuit of their ultimate goals. So, it's not just that they "intend well"--this is a meta-ethical consideration, by which I mean a question both of what Good and Evil fundamentally mean, and how we determine them. In isolation, Psimax's actions may be obviously evil insofar as they inflict suffering. When we ask why those actions are evil, though--perhaps because "suffering bad"--we get a larger picture, one in which Psimax may argue that he is actually minimizing aggregate suffering by inflicting smaller amounts of pain along the way. Yet, there's a still larger picture in which these values are defined and assigned to the side either of Good or Evil--why is it, for example, that suffering in general is wrong? I think Psimax's repulsion is
existential, not
ethical. I mean by this that he is only acting with respect to some arbitrarily-specified interest insofar as he makes explicit that he simply doesn't
want to participate. He's incredibly careful, and, if his objections to existing were moral, I suspect he'd have voiced them that way.
Looking to what you write below, I'd argue the "some flavor of Neutral" crowd are right. And, while I understand that you're speaking strictly in alignment terms, I think part of the point is that alignments, precisely because they tend to look at actions in isolation (checked against intuitions about right and wrong), erroneously consign people to different sides (a conflict of which Psimax explicitly desires no part), or, worse, could be used to make anyone seem any kind of way depending on whether a character's actions are viewed in-context, and how many layers of context are retained (which judgments are, I think, very inconsistent in alignment terms, hence the confusion in the narrative).
RJJ7 wrote:Out of curiosity, would you people who have played the game say that D&D alignment is more action based or intention based? From what I can tell, it's a bit of a murky cross-reference. Your intentions determine your G-N-E standing, and your actions determine your L-N-C standing. I say "murky", because there is some bleed-over between categories. Some actions are off-limits to good characters, regardless of intentions. Likewise, your intentions do affect your L-N-C standing to a certain extent (though mostly insofar as it is your intention to promote order/chaos vs doing it accidentally). Psimax's intentions are good, yet no one has argued that he is Chaotic Good. Or is that merely social conditioning (i.e. everyone has a gut reaction against calling Psimax 'good'--even in a D&D sense--regardless of his intentions), and there really is a case to be made from D&D that Psimax is chaotic good?**
**Please, please, please understand that I am speaking purely in terms of D&D alignment, which I consider to have no real bearing on real-world good and evil. I don't want to be lynched for suggesting that the guy that splished Kin's tail is good.
